Rejecting Prospective Residents Based on Criminal History May Violate Fair Housing Laws
Reviewed April 2019
Throughout the United States, individuals with criminal records, regardless of whether they pose little or no threat, face significant barriers when seeking to buy or rent a home.
Amazingly, between 70 million and 100 million Americans, or as many as one in three American adults, have some type of criminal record. And while many have been convicted of only minor offenses, having a criminal record carries a lifetime of consequences. This often includes an inability to secure housing.
The Federal Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, or financing of dwellings and in other housing-related activities on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status or national origin. Ex-convicts and individuals with a criminal history are not explicitly identified by the Act as a protected class. Nonetheless, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) recently opined that housing providers rejecting tenants or buyers based on their criminal records may violate the Fair Housing Act.
At its core, the issue is whether exclusionary policies based on criminal background checks have an unfair or disparate impact on certain racial minorities who are protected under federal laws governing housing.
On April 4, 2016, HUD’s Office of General Counsel issued guidance concerning how the Fair Housing Act applies to prospective buyers and tenants with criminal records. According to the opinion, landlords and sellers must differentiate between arrests and convictions, and must steer clear of blanket policies that restrict access to housing solely on the basis of criminal history.
HUD’s opinion does not mean that housing providers are entirely prohibited from considering criminal records. However, they must now ensure that their screening policy is necessary to achieve a substantial, legitimate, nondiscriminatory interest.
As HUD notes, “A housing provider must, however, be able to prove through reliable evidence that its policy or practice of making housing decisions based on criminal history actually assists in protecting resident safety and/or property.” To meet this burden, housing providers must consider factors like the nature and severity of the crime, as well as the length of time since the conviction. By conducting this analysis, housing providers can establish that their policy “accurately distinguishes between criminal conduct that indicates a demonstrable risk to resident safety and/or property, and criminal conduct that does not.”
At the heart of HUD’s opinion lies the doctrine of disparate impact, sometime referred to as unintentional discrimination. Pursuant to this doctrine, a policy may be considered discriminatory if it has a disproportionate adverse impact against a protected class. For example, a policy that applies to everyone may still prove discriminatory if it tends to affect a protected group or minority more than others.
As applied to its position on criminal history based restrictions, HUD notes that across the United States, certain minorities are arrested, convicted and incarcerated at rates “disproportionate to their share of the general population.” As a result, restricting access to housing on the basis of criminal history is likely to have a disproportionate adverse impact on racial minorities which constitute a protected class.
HUD’s April 4, 2016 guidance also outlines the three steps considered when analyzing claims that housing was denied on the basis of criminal history:
- Whether the policy or practice has a discriminatory effect;
- Whether the policy or practice is necessary to achieve a legitimate, nondiscriminatory interest; and
- Whether there is a less discriminatory alternative.
If nothing else, landlords and property managers should take the time to update and revise their screening policies to ensure that their use of criminal background checks does not act as an arbitrary and overbroad ban on those with criminal records. All criminal records are not alike, and not all ex-convicts pose a risk to safety or property. And now, housing providers who do not take this into account may find themselves on the wrong side of the law.
Related article: Fair Housing Act: Criminal History-Based Practices and Policies